What is a VLAN? How to Setup a VLAN on a Cisco Switch

What is a VLAN? How to Setup a VLAN on a Cisco Switch
Have you ever wondered what a Virtual LAN (or VLAN) is or been unclear as to why you would want one? If so, I have been in your place at one time too. Since then, I have learned a lot about what a VLAN is and how it can help me. In this article, I will share that knowledge with you.

What is a LAN?

Okay, most of you already know what a LAN is but let’s give it a definition to make sure. We have to do this because, if you don’t know what a LAN is, you can’t understand what a VLAN is.
A LAN is a local area network and is defined as all devices in the same broadcast domain. If you remember, routers stop broadcasts, switches just forward them.

What is a VLAN?

As I said, a VLAN is a virtual LAN. In technical terms, a VLAN is a broadcast domain created by switches. Normally, it is a router creating that broadcast domain. With VLAN’s, a switch can create the broadcast domain.
This works by, you, the administrator, putting some switch ports in a VLAN other than 1, the default VLAN. All ports in a single VLAN are in a single broadcast domain.
Because switches can talk to each other, some ports on switch A can be in VLAN 10 and other ports on switch B can be in VLAN 10. Broadcasts between these devices will not be seen on any other port in any other VLAN, other than 10. However, these devices can all communicate because they are on the same VLAN. Without additional configuration, they would not be able to communicate with any other devices, not in their VLAN.

Are VLANs required?

It is important to point out that you don’t have to configure a VLAN until your network gets so large and has so much traffic that you need one. Many times, people are simply using VLAN’s because the network they are working on was already using them.
Another important fact is that, on a Cisco switch, VLAN’s are enabled by default and ALL devices are already in a VLAN. The VLAN that all devices are already in is VLAN 1. So, by default, you can just use all the ports on a switch and all devices will be able to talk to one another.

When do I need a VLAN?

You need to consider using VLAN’s in any of the following situations:

• You have more than 200 devices on your LAN
• You have a lot of broadcast traffic on your LAN
• Groups of users need more security or are being slowed down by too many broadcasts?
• Groups of users need to be on the same broadcast domain because they are running the same applications. An example would be a company that has VoIP phones. The users using the phone could be on a different VLAN, not with the regular users.
• Or, just to make a single switch into multiple virtual switches.

Why not just subnet my network?

A common question is why not just subnet the network instead of using VLAN’s? Each VLAN should be in its own subnet. The benefit that a VLAN provides over a subnetted network is that devices in different physical locations, not going back to the same router, can be on the same network. The limitation of subnetting a network with a router is that all devices on that subnet must be connected to the same switch and that switch must be connected to a port on the router.

With a VLAN, one device can be connected to one switch, another device can be connected to another switch, and those devices can still be on the same VLAN (broadcast domain).

How can devices on different VLAN’s communicate?

Devices on different VLAN’s can communicate with a router or a Layer 3 switch. As each VLAN is its own subnet, a router or Layer 3 switch must be used to route between the subnets.

What is a trunk port?

When there is a link between two switches or a router and a switch that carries the traffic of more than one VLAN, that port is a trunk port.
A trunk port must run a special trunking protocol. The protocol used would be Cisco’s proprietary Inter-switch link (ISL) or the IEEE standard 802.1q.

How do I create a VLAN?

Configuring VLAN’s can vary even between different models of Cisco switches. Your goals, no matter what the commands are, is to:

• Create the new VLAN’s
• Put each port in the proper VLAN

Let’s say we wanted to create VLAN’s 5 and 10. We want to put ports 2 & 3 in VLAN 5 (Marketing) and ports 4 and 5 in VLAN 10 (Human Resources). On a Cisco 2950 switch, here is how you would do it:

At this point, only ports 2 and 3 should be able to communicate with each other and ports 4 & 5 should be able to communicate. That is because each of these is in its own VLAN. For the device on port 2 to communicate with the device on port 4, you would have to configure a trunk port to a router so that it can strip off the VLAN information, route the packet, and add back the VLAN information.

What do VLAN’s offer?

VLAN’s offer higher performance for medium and large LAN’s because they limit broadcasts. As the amount of traffic and the number of devices grow, so does the number of broadcast packets. By using VLAN’s you are containing broadcasts.
VLAN’s also provide security because you are essentially putting one group of devices, in one VLAN, on their own network.

Article Summary

Here is what we have learned:

• A VLAN is a broadcast domain formed by switches
• Administrators must create the VLAN’s then assign what port goes in what VLAN, manually.
• VLAN’s provide better performance for medium and large LAN’s.
• All devices, by default, are in VLAN 1.
• A trunk port is a special port that runs ISL or 802.1q so that it can carry traffic from more than one VLAN.
• For devices in different VLAN’s to communicate, you must use a router or Layer 3 switch.

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CCNA2 Final Exam 2013 – version 2

1. Which of the following are required when adding a network to the OSPF routing process configuration? (Choose three.)
network address
loopback address
autonomous system number
subnet mask
wildcard mask
area ID
2. Which of the following are primary functions of a router? (Choose two.)
packet switching
microsegmentation
domain name resolution
path selection
flow control

3. Refer to the routing table shown in the exhibit. What is the meaning of the highlighted value 192?
It is the value assigned by the Dijkstra algorithm that designates the number of hops in the network.
It is the value used by the DUAL algorithm to determine the bandwidth for the link.
It is the metric, which is cost.
It is the administrative distance.
4. Which three statements are true regarding the encapsulation and de-encapsulation of packets when traveling through
a router? (Choose three.)
The router modifies the TTL field, decrementing it by one.
The router changes the source IP to the IP of the exit interface.
The router maintains the same source and destination IP.
The router changes the source physical address to the physical address of the exit interface.
The router changes the destination IP to the IP of the exit interface.
The router sends the packet out all other interfaces, besides the one it entered the router on.

Refer to the exhibit. Which path will traffic from the 172.16.1.0/24 network take to get to the 10.0.0.0/24 network?
ADC
ABC
It will load balance the traffic between ADC and ABC
It will send the traffic via ABC, and will use ADC as a backup path only when ABC fails.
5. What is the purpose of the TTL field within an IP packet header?
clears an unreachable route from the routing table after the invalid timer expires
prevents regular update messages from inappropriately reinstating a route that may have gone bad
removes an unreachable route from the routing table after the flush timer expires
limits the period of time or number of hops a packet can traverse through the network before it should be discarded
used to mark the route as unreachable in a routing update that is sent to other routers

6. Refer to the exhibit. How many routes are both level 1 and qualify for use as an ultimate route?
1
2
3
4
5
6

7. Refer to the exhibit. Cost for each path are shown. If all routers are configured to use OSPF, what would be the path of a packet sent from Router C to Router D if Router A was down?
C-B-E-D
C-B-A-D
C-F-E-D
C-F-B-A-D
C-F-E-A-D

8. Refer to the exhibit. Routers 1 and 2 are directly connected over a serial link. Pings are failing between the two routers. What change by the administrator will correct the problem?
Set the encapsulation on both routers to PPP.
Decrease the bandwidth on Serial 0/1/0 on router 2 to 1544.
Change the cable that connects the routers to a crossover cable.
Change the IP address on Serial 0/1/0 on router 2 to 192.168.0.1/30.

9. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is trying to determine why router JAX has no OSPF routes in its routing table. All routers are configured for OSPF area 0. From the JAX router, the administrator is able to ping its connected interfaces and the Fa0/1 interface of the ORL router but no other router interfaces. What is a logical step that the network administrator should take to troubleshoot the problem?
Reboot the routers.
Change the OSPF process ID on all of the routers to 0.
Check to see if the cable is loose between ORL and JAX.
Check to see if CDP packets are passing between the routers.
Use show and debug commands to determine if hellos are propagating

10. Refer to the exhibit. Which summarization should R1 use to advertise its networks to R2?
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.0.0/24
192.168.0.0/22
192.168.1.0/22
11. A router boots and enters setup mode. What is the reason for this?
The IOS image is corrupt.
Cisco IOS is missing from flash memory.
The configuration file is missing from NVRAM.
The POST process has detected hardware failure.

12. Refer to the exhibit. R1 is configured properly for a single area OSPF, and R2 has been recently installed in the network. Which set of commands is required to configure a single area OSPF for the networks that are connected to R2?
R2(config)# router ospf 1
R2(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
R2(config)# router ospf 1 R2(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 R2(config)# router ospf 2 R2(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
R2(config)# router ospf 1 R2(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 R2(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 1
R2(config)# router ospf 1 R2(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 R2(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 1

13. Refer to the exhibit. Routers R1 and R2 are directly connected via theirserial interfaces and are both running the EIGRP routing protocol. R1 and R2 can ping the directly connected serial interface of their neighbor, but they cannot form an EIGRP neighbor adjacency.
What action should be taken to solve this problem?
Enable the serial interfaces of both routers.
Configure EIGRP to send periodic updates.
Configure the same hello interval between the routers.
Configure both routers with the same EIGRP process ID

14. Refer to the exhibit. The hosts that are connected to R2 are unable to ping the hosts that are connected to R1. How can this problem be resolved?
Configure the router ID on both routers.
Configure the R2 router interfaces for area 0.
Configure a loopback interface on both routers.
Configure the proper subnet masks on the router interfaces.
15. In a lab test environment, a router has learned about network 172.16.1.0 through four different dynamic routing processes. Which route will be used to reach this network?
D 172.16.1.0/24 [90/2195456] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:09, Serial0/0/0
O 172.16.1.0/24 [110/1012] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:22, Serial0/0/0
R 172.16.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:17, Serial0/0/0
I 172.16.1.0/24 [100/1192] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:09, Serial0/0/0
16. Which statement is true about the metrics used by routing protocols?
A metric is a value used by a particular routing protocol to compare paths to remote networks.
A common metric is used by all routing protocols.
The metric with the highest value is installed in the routing table.
The router may use only one parameter at a time to calculate the metric

17. Refer to the exhibit. Both routers are using the RIPv2 routing protocol and static routes are undefined. R1 can ping
192.168.2.1 and 10.1.1.2, but is unable to ping 192.168.4.1.
What is the reason for the ping failure?
The serial interface between two routers is down.
R2 is not forwarding the routing updates.
The 192.168.4.0 network is not included in the RIP configuration of R2.
RIPv1 needs to be configured.
18. Which two statements are true about the EIGRP successor route? (Choose two.)
It is saved in the topology table for use if the primary route fails.
It may be backed up by a feasible successor route.
It is used by EIGRP to forward traffic to the destination.
It is flagged as active in the routing table.
After the discovery process has occurred, the successor route is stored in the neighbor table

19. Refer to the exhibit. Hosts on the 192.168.1.0 network cannot communicate with hosts on the 172.16.1.1 network. The network administrator has run the show ip route command on R1. What could be the cause of this problem?
The FastEthernet interface on R1 is disabled.
Autosummarization is enabled on R1.
The serial interface S0/0/0 of R1 is administratively down.
No static route or routing protocol is configured.
20. Which statement correctly describes a feature of RIP?
RIP is a link-state routing protocol.
RIP uses only one metric—hop count— for path selection.
Advertised routes with hop counts greater than 10 are unreachable.
Messages are broadcast every 10 seconds

21. Refer to the exhibit. Which two statements are true based on the exhibited output? (Choose two.)
All routes are stable.
Each route has one feasible successor.
The serial interface between the two routers is down.
The administrative distance of EIGRP has been set to 50.
The show ip eigrp topology command has been run on R1.
22. A network administrator is analyzing routing update behavior on a network that has both EIGRP and OSPF
configured on all routers. Both protocols appear in the output of show ip protocols. However, only EIGRP internal
routes appear in the routing tables. Which statement correctly explains the scenario?
The OSPF protocol has a higher cost than EIGRP.
The EIGRP protocol has a lower metric than OSPF.
The EIGRP protocol was configured first on the router.
The EIGRP protocol has a lower administrative distance than OSPF
23. Which prompt is used to allow a user to change the IP address of an interface on a router?
Router>
Router#
Router(config)#
Router(config-if)#

24. Refer to the exhibit. Routers RTRA and RTRB are running OSPF. What entry does RTRA add in the routing table
when Serial 0/0/0 receives an update about the network that is attached to RTRB?
O 172.16.7.0/30 [110/51] via 10.10.10.2, 00:00:25, Serial0/0/0
O 172.16.7.16/28 [110/51] via 10.10.10.2, 00:00:25, Serial0/0/0
O 172.16.7.0/24 [110/51] via 10.10.10.2, 00:00:25, Serial0/0/0
O 172.16.0.0/16 [110/51] via 10.10.10.2, 00:00:25, Serial0/0/0
25. Which additional piece of information is included in the updates of classless routing protocols to support the use of VLSM and discontiguous networks?
metric
network mask
neighbor router ID
administrative distance
26. Because of a topology change, the next hop IP address in the current static route must be reconfigured. How can a static route entry be altered to accommodate a topology change?
Keep the existing static route and configure a new static route with the correct next hop IP address.
Negate the existing static route and configure a new static route with the correct next hop IP address.
Do nothing. The existing static route will automatically update the next hop entry with the new IP address.
Keep the existing static route, reload the router, and configure a new static route with the correct next hop IP address
27. Which router mode is accessed by entering the enable command?
user EXEC
privileged EXEC
global configuration
interface configuration

28. Refer to the exhibit. An administrator is attempting to configure a router by copying and pasting the commands that are shown in the exhibit. However, only one of the FastEthernet interfaces is coming up. What is the problem?
Both interfaces are in the same IP subnet.
FastEthernet0/1 does not have a description.
There can be only one FastEthernet interface enabled on a router at one time.
The administrator did not exit to global configuration mode before configuring FastEthernet0/1
29. In an examination of two OSPF routers that fail to exchange information, it is determined that they have not become OSPF neighbors. Which two configuration values must match for the OSPF routers to become neighbors?
neighbor ID and router ID
dead time and hello time
OSPF area and neighbor ID
OSPF area and interface priority

30. Refer to the exhibit. Routers R1 and R3 use different routing protocols with default administrative distance values. All devices are properly configured and the destination network is advertised by both protocols. Which path will be used to transmit the data packets from PC1 to PC2?
The packets will travel via R2-R1.
The packets will travel via R2-R3.
The traffic will be load-balanced between two paths — via R2-R1 and via R2-R3.
The packets will travel via R2-R3, and the other path via R2-R1 will be retained as the backup path

31. Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator has run the following command on R1. R1(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2 What is the result of running this command?
Traffic for network 192.168.2.0 is forwarded to 172.16.1.2.
This route is automatically propagated throughout the entire network.
Traffic for all networks is forwarded to 172.16.1.2.
The command invokes a dynamic routing protocol for 192.168.2.0
32. Why is fast convergence desirable in networks that use dynamic routing protocols?
Hosts are unable to access their gateway until the network is converged.
Routers will not allow packets to be forwarded until the network is converged.
Routers may make incorrect forwarding decisions until the network has converged.
Routers will not allow configuration changes to be made until the network has converged
33. Which two statements about routing protocols are accurate? (Choose two.)
OSPF supports VLSM.
RIPv1 supports VLSM.
RIPv2 does not have a hop count limit.
EIGRP supports discontiguous network designs.
RIPv2 does not support discontiguous network designs

34. Refer to the exhibit. If the EIGRP routing protocol is used throughout the network, which IP address and mask prefix
should be sent by router R1 to the Edge router as a result of manual summarization of LANs A, B, C, and D?
192.168.4.0/20
192.168.4.0/22
192.168.4.0/24
192.168.4.0/26

35. Refer to the exhibit. Which solution provides the most efficient use of router resources for forwarding traffic between BR and HQ?
RIP
RIPv2
EIGRP
static routes

36. Refer to the exhibit. The network is configured with RIPv2. However, network administrators notice that communication cannot be successfully completed from one LAN to another. A network administrator issues the show ip route command on the HQ router. Based on the output, what should be done to correct the problem?
Disable the load balancing feature of RIPv2.
Issue the no auto-summary command for RIPv2.
Replace RIPv2 with EIGRP which supports VLSM.
Make sure that the network statements include the correct subnet mask
37. Which protocol is used by EIGRP to deliver and receive update packets?
FTP
RTP
TCP
TFTP
UDP
38. Which multicast address does EIGRP use to send hello and updates packets?
224.0.0.5
224.0.0.6
224.0.0.9
224.0.0.10
39. A network administrator is using an application that is monitoring packets on the network and sees an EIGRP update packet. What is the purpose of the update packet?
The packet is sent to discover neighbors within the EIGRP network.
The packet is sent to search for network devices within an EIGRP network.
The packet is used to propagate routing information within the EIGRP network.
The packet is used to send an unreachable reply to another router within the EIGRP network.
The packet is used to notify all routers that EIRGP has failed on one of the routers within the EIGRP network

40. Refer to the exhibit. What OSPF network statements are required for the router B to advertise the three networks that are attached?
router ospf 1 network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
router ospf 1 network 10.1.1.0 0.3.255.255 area 0 network 10.10.1.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 network 10.20.1.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
router ospf 1 network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 10.10.1.0 0.0.255.255 area 0 network 10.20.1.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
router ospf 1 network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 10.10.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 network 10.20.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

41. Refer to the exhibit. Why is the state of the serial0/0/0 interface administratively down?
An IP address has not been configured on the interface.
The WIC was installed into the incorrect slot on the router.
The default encapsulation on the interface has been modified.
The no shutdown command has not been executed on the interface
42. On a router, which three components are stored in RAM? (Choose three.)
POST code
the routing table
the running-configuration
the start-up configuration
the bootstrap instructions
a copy of the operating system

43. Refer to the exhibit. RouterA and RouterB cannot successfully exchange EIGRP routes. What is the problem?
The hello intervals do not match.
The autonomous system numbers do not match.
The no auto-summary command is missing from both routers.
The ip bandwidth-percent command is missing from RouterB

44. Refer to the exhibit. What is the purpose of the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp 50 10 command?
to limit the bandwidth EIGRP packets can use to 6.4 kb/s
to limit the bandwidth EIGRP packets can use to 10 kb/s
to limit the bandwidth EIGRP packets can use to 32 kb/s
to limit the bandwidth EIGRP packets can use to 50 kb/s
45. A network administrator adds the default-information originate command to the configuration of a router that uses RIP as the routing protocol. What will result from adding this command?
The router will be reset to the default factory information.
The router will not forward routing information that is learned from other routers.
The router will propagate a static default route in its RIP updates, if one is present.
The router will only forward packets that originate on directly connected networks
46. A network technician is configuring a Cisco 2811 router. The technician types conf at the privileged level command prompt and presses the TAB key. What action will the router take?
It will revert to the user mode.
It will perform an auto-complete function.
It will go into the global configuration mode.
It will give an error message that indicates a bad command was entered
47. What is a function of the console port on a router?
It is used to manage the router.
It is used for packet receiving and forwarding.
It is used to interconnect various types of LANs.
It is used to interconnect a variety of serial links including T1, DSL, and ISDN

48. Refer to the exhibit. Which route will be installed in the routing table on R1 to forward traffic from PC1 to the web server?
the static route
the route learned via OSPF
the route learned via EIGRP
both routes learned via OSPF and EIGRP

49. Refer to the exhibit. After the commands are entered, which password will be required to establish a Telnet session
with the router?
cisco
letmein
please
access

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CCNA 2 Practice Final Exam 2013

1. Refer to exhibit .The network is using the RIPv2 routing protocol.If network 10.0.0.0 goes down ,what mechanism will prevent Router1 from advertisting false routing information back to Router2?
triggered updates
poison reverse
holddown timers
split horizon

2.Refer to exhibit.All routers are advertised and fully operational on all routers.Which statement is true about the path that the data will take from router A to router B?
if EIGRP is used with default configuration , the data will be equally distributed between two paths – A,D,B and A,C,B
if RIPv1 is  used with default configuration , the data will be load-balanced on all paths
if EIGRP and OSPF are both used with default configuration ,the data will be sent through paths learned by the OSPF protocol
if RIPv2 is  used with default configuration , the data will be equally distributed between two paths – A,D,B and A,C,D

3.Refer to exhibit.Based on the output from the show running-config and debug ip rip commands ,what are two of the routes that are added to the routing table of R1?(choose two)
R 192.168.1.0/24[120/1] via 172.16.2.1 ,00:00:24 ,Serial0/0/1
R 192.168.1.00/24[120/1] via 172.16.1.1 ,00:00:24 ,Serial0/0/0
S 192.168.1.0/24[1/0] via FastEthernet0/0
R 192.168.2.0/24[120/1] via 172.16.1.2 ,00:00:24 ,Serial0/0/0

4.Refer to the exhibit.What summarization should R2 use to advertise its LAN networks to R1?
172.16.0.0/24
172.16.4.0/22
172.16.4.0/23
172.16.4.0/24

5.Refer to the exhibit.The network administrator is planning IP addressing of a new network .What part of this addressing scheme must be changed to allow communication between hostA and the server?
the IP address of the server
the default gateway of host A
the IP address of host A
the default gateway of the server

6.Refer to the exhibit.Two routers are unable to establish an adjacency.What is possible cause for this?
the two routers are connected on a multiaccess network
the hello and dead intervals are different on the two routers
they have different OSPF router IDs
they have different process IDs
7.What are two functions of a router?(choose two)
it connects multiple IP networks
it control the flow of data via the use of Layer 2 addresses
it determines the best path to send packets
it manages the VLAN database
it increases the size of the broadcast domain

8.Refer to the exhibit.A network designer is testing a prototype of WAN connection.All of the routers in the exhibit are configured for OSPF routing.The design requires that the path between routers A and D through ISP-A is the primary and the path through ISP-B serves as a backup. The designer notice that  router A has two equal-cost paths to the LAN on router D. How can the designer correct this problem?
issue a clock rate 2000000 interface command on S0/0/1 of router ISP-B
change the default OSPF reference bandwidth on router A
configure two static routes with administrative distance of 10
use the bandwidth command to change the default bandwidth on the link to router ISP-B

9.Refer to the exhibit.Host A is having problems accessing server A .All routers have the same EIGRP configuration as router RTR-A.What should be done so that host A can access server A?
add the command no auto-summary on all routers
change the network statements to include a wildcard mask
adjust the EIGRP hello timers to account for the network delay
add the command eigrp log-neighbor-chances on all routers

10.Refer to the exhibit.The routers are properly configured using a dynamic routing protocol with default settings ,and the network is fully converged. Router A is forwarding data to router E.Which statement is true about the routing path ?
if the network use the RIP protocol , router A will determine that all the paths have equal cost
if the network use the RIP protocol , router A will update only the A-C-E path in its routing table
if the network use the EIGRP protocol , router A will determine that path A-D-E has the lowest cost
if both RIP and EIGRP protocols are configured on router A ,the router will use the route information that is learned by the RIP routing protocol
11.A sniffer program has captured a packet with a destination IP address of 224.0.0.10. Which protocol uses IP address?
RIP
RIPv2
OSPF
EIGRP

12.Refer to the exhibit. The show cdp neighbors command was run at  R1. Which two facts about the newly detected device can be determined from the output?(choose two)
ABCD is a router that is connected to R1
ABCD is non-CISCO device that is connected to R1
the device is connected at the Serial0/0/1 interface of R1
R1 is connected at the S0/0/1 interface of device ABCD
ABCD does not support switching capability
13.A router has learned about a network through static and dynamic routing processes.Which route will be used to reach network 192.168.168.0 ?
D 192.168.168.0/24[90/2195456] via 192.168.200.1 , 00:00:09 ,Ethernet0
O 192.168.168.0/24[90/1012] via 192.168.200.1 , 00:00:22 ,Ethernet0
R 192.168.168.0/24[120/1] via 192.168.200.1 , 00:00:17 ,Ethernet0
S 192.168.168.0/24[1/0] via 192.168.200.1

14.Refer to the exhibit.To implement the RIPv2  protocol ,the network administrator runs the command as displayed.However, the show ip protocols  command fails to display any output.How can the administrator solve the problem that is indicated by the lack of output from this command?
include the default-information originate command
include the auto-summary command
specify the network for which RIP routing has to be enabled
implement RIPv2 authentication in the network
15.What is one function of the bootstrap program during the router boot process?
loading Cisco IOS software
testing the router hardware
verifying the size of available RAM and flash
executing the commands in the configuration file
16.What is the advantage of configuring a static route with an exit interface instead of a next-hop address?
the router will perform a recursive lookup
this router will  automatically be used as the gateway of last resort
the next interface configuration consumes less router processing time
the exit interface configuration has an administrative distance value of 1

17.Refer to the exhibit.What destination address will RTB use to advertise LSAs?
224.0.05
224.0.0.6
10.1.7.17/28
172.16.1.1
172.16.2.1
255.255.255.255

18.Refer to the exhibit. What happens to a packet that has 172.16.0.0/16 as the best match in the routing table that is shown?
the packet is discarded
the packet is flooded out all interfaces
the packet is forwarded via Serial 0/0/0
the packet is forwarded via Fast Ethernet 0/0

19.Refer to the exhibit .R2 is configured correctly.The network administrator has configured R1 as shown. Which two facts are true about the forwarding of route information by R1 ?(choose two)
R1 will forward the route information for subnet 192.168.100.0/30
R1 will not forward the route information for subnet 192.168.100.4/30
R1 will forward the route information with an administrative distance set to 50 
R1 will forward the summarized route information for network 192.168.100.0/24
R1 will forward the route information for subnet 10.10.10.0/30 out the serial interface
20.A network is configured with the IP,IPX  and Apple Talk protocols. Which routing protocol is recommended for this network?
RIPv1
RIPv2
EIGRP
OSPF

21.Refer to the exhibit.What information can be determined from the displayed output?
EIGRP packets are waiting to be sent to the neighbors
the adjacencies between the routers are yet to be established
the IP address 192.168.10.10 is configured at serial interface S0/0/1 of router R2
router R2 is receiving hello packets from neighbor with the IP address 192.168.10.10 via the R2 S0/0/1 interface 

22.Refer to the exhibit. What needs to be done to allow these two routers to connect successfully ?
add a clock rate to S 0/0/0 on R1 
add an interface description to S 0/0/1 on R2
change the serial interface on R2 to S 0/0/0 so that is matches R1
change the IP address of S0/0/1 on R2 so that it is the same subnet as R1

23.Refer to the exhibit.All routers are running RIPv1 .The two networks 10.1.1.0/29 and 10.1.1.16/29 are unable to access ech other.What can be the cause of this problem?
because RIPV1 is a classless protocol ,it does not support this access
RIPv1 does not support discontiguous networks
RIPv1 does not support load balancing
RIPv1 does not support automatic summarization

24.Refer to the exhibit.A network technician notes that there are missing EIGRP routes in the routing tables on each router in this network.Based on the exhibited output ,what caused these missing routes?
the holdtime values are mismatched
the autonomous system number are mismatched
the interface on the link between RouterC and RouterD are shut down
an EIGRP neighbor relationship has not been established between Router A and RouterB

25.Refer to the exhibit.A network administrator has configured R1 as shown,and all interfaces are functioning correctly.Aping from R1 to 172.16.1.1 fails.What could be the cause of this problem?
the serial interface on R1 is configured incorrectly
the default route is configured incorrectly 
the default-information originate command must be issued on R1
autosummarization must be disabled on R1

26.Refer to the exhibit .R1 and R2 are unable to establish an adjacency .What two configuration changes will correct the problem?(choose two)
set lower priority on R2
configure the routers in the same area
set a lower cost on R2 compared to R1
add a backup designed router to the network
match hello and dead timers on both routers

27.Refer to the exhibit .How many routes are child routes?
1
2
4
6

28.Refer to the exhibit.A network administrator has run the show interface command .The output of this command is displayed.What is the first step that is required to make this interface operational ?
switch the cable with a know working cable
issue the  no shutdown command on the interface
configure the interface as a loopback interface
set the encapsulation for the interface
29.Using default settings ,what is the next step in the router boot sequence after the IOS loads from flash?
perform the POST routine
search for a backup IOS in ROM
load the running-config file from RAM
locate and load the startup-config file from NVRAM

30.Refer to the exhibit .R1 knows two routes,Path A and Path b,to the Ethernet network attached to R3. R1 learned Path A to network 10.2.0.0/16 from static route and Path B to network 10.2.0.0/16 from EIGRP. Which route will R1 install in its routing table?
both routes are installed and load balancing occurs both paths
the route via Path B is installed because EIGRP route has the best metric to network 10.2.0.0/16
the route via Path A is installed because the static  route has the best metric to network 10.2.0.0/16
the route via Path B is installed because EIGRP route has the lowest administrative distance  to network 10.2.0.0/16
the route via Path A is installed because the static  route has the lowest administrative distance  to network 10.2.0.0/16


31.Refer to the exhibit.What information can be determined from the highlighted output?
R1 is originating the route 172.30.200.32/28
automatic summarization is disabled
the 172.30.200.16/28 network is one hop away from R1
a classful routing protocol is being used

32.Refer to the exhibit.A new PC was deployed in the Sales network. It was given the host address 192.168.10.31 with a default gateway of 192.168.10.17 . The PC is not communicating with the network properly. What is the cause?
the default gateway is incorrect
the address is in the wrong subnet
the host address and default gateway are swapped
162.168.10.31 is the broadcast address for this subnet

33.Refer to the exhibit.A ping between host A and host B is successful ,but pings from host A to operational hosts on the Internet fail. What is the reason for this problem?
the Fast Ethernet interface of R1 is disabled
one of  the default routes is configured incorrectly
a routing protocol in not configured on both routers
the default gateway has not been configured on host A
34.A network administrator needs to assign the very last usable IP address in the 172.24.64.0/18 network range to the router interface that serves this LAN. Which IP address should the administrator configure on the interface ?
172.16.128.154/18
172.16.225.254/18
172.24.64.254/18
172.24.127.254/18
35.Which phase of the router process involves running diagnostics on the hardware components from ROM?
performing the POST
loading the bootstrap program
locating and loading the Cisco IOS software
locating and loading the startup configuration file

36.Refer to the exhibit.Router R2 is configured properly and all interfaces are functional.Router R1 has been installed recently . Host A is unable to ping host B.
Which procedure can resolve this problem?
configure a static route on R1 using the IP address of the serial interface on R1
configure a default route on R1 with the exit interface Fa0/0 on R1
configure static route on R1 using IP address of S0/0/0 on R2
configure a default route on R1 using the IP address of Fa0/0 on R2

37.Refer to the exhibit.The IP addresses on all interfaces on router R1 were configured before the OSPF protocol had been enabled on the router. No OSPF router ID was manually configured. Which IP address will be selected by the router as an OSPF router ID?
10.10.10.1
172.16.1.1
172.16.2.1
192.168.1.1
192.168.100.1
38.Which two situation required the use of a link-state protocol?(choose two)
fast convergence of the network is critical
the network is very large 
the network administrator has limited knowledge to configure and troubleshoot routing protocols
the network is a flat network
that capacity of the router is low

39.Refer to the exhibit. The network has three connected routers : R1,R2 and R3. The routers are displayed . All routers are operational and pings are not blocked on this network.
Which ping will fail?
from R1 to 172.16.1.1
from R1 to 192.168.3.1
from R2to 192.168.1.1
from R2 to 192.168.3.1
40.What is the function of the OSPF LSR packet ?
it is used to confirm the receipt of LSUs
it is used to established and maintain adjacency with other OSOF routers
it is used by receiving routes to request more information about entry in the DBD
is is used to check the database synchronization between routers

41.Refer to the exibith .A network administrator has configured OSPF using the following command :
network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 0
Which router interface will participate in OSPF?
FastEthernet 0/0
FastEthernet 0/1
Serial 0/0/0
Serial 0/0/1

42.Refer to the exhibit. R1 and R2 are adjacent routers both running RIP. All interfaces on both routers are correctly configured and operational. Both routers are configured to include all connected interface in routing updated. R2 is not  showing any routes from R1 in the routing table. What is the likely cause ?
the adjacent interface are passive
the distance of 120 exceeds 15 hops
R2 will not accept version 1 updates from R1
routes are being summarized by R1 but not by R2

43.Refer to the exhibit. What is the meaning of the highlighted value 2?
it is the administrative distance of the routing protocol
it is the number of hops between R2 and the 192.168.8.0/24 network
it is the value used by the DUAL algorithm to determine the bandwidth for the link
it is the convergence time measured in secounds
44.A router has EIGRP configured as the only routing protocol. In what way might EIGRP respond if there is no feasible successor route to a destination network and the successor route fails?
it broadcast hello packets to all routers in the networks to re-establish neighbor adjacencies
it sends queries to adjacent neighbors until a new successor route is found
it immediately sends its entire routing table to its neighbors
it will set the metric for the failed route to infinity
45.A network technician must reduce the amount of broadcast traffic on the network while maintaining full connectivity between all different network segments. Which device should administrator deploy?
hub
router
Layer 2 switch
multiport repeater
46.Which port should a terminal emulator be connected to in order to access a router without network connectivity?
T1
serial
console
FastEthernet

47. Refert to the exhibit .The network administrator issue the command no ip classless on Router1. What forwarding action will take place on a packet that is received by Router 1 and is destined for host 192.168.0.26?
the packet will be dropped
the packet will be forwarded to the gateway of last resort
the packet will match the 192.168.0.0 network and be forwarded out Serian 0/0
the packet will most closely match the 192.168.0.8 subnet and be forwarded out Serial 0/1
48. The network shown in the diagram is having problems routing traffic. It is suspected that the problem is with the addressing scheme. What is the problem with the addressing used in the topology ?
the address assigned to the Ethernet 0 interface of Router1 is a broadcast address for that subnetwork
the subnetwork configured on the serial link between Router1 and Router2 overlaps with the subnetwork assigned to Ethernet 0 of Router3
the subnetwork assigned to the Serian 0 interface of Router1 is on a different subnetwork from the address for Serial 0 of Router2
the subnetwork assigned to Ethernet 0 of Router2 overlaps with the subnetwork assigned to Ethernet 0 of Router 3
49.What are two advantage of using a loopback interface on a router with OSPF enabled?(choose two)
a loopback interface has a much lower OSPF cost value by default
a loopback interface provides a stable ID because the loopback interface cannot be shutdown
a network administrator has more control over DR/BDR election by using a loopback interface over a physical interface
a loopback interface can be configured with higher bandwidth value that can a physical interface
a loopback interface address overrides any physical interface address or configured router-id value

50. Refer to the exhibit . Routers R1 and R3 use different routing protocols with default administrative distance values. All devices are properly configured and the destination network is advertised by both protocols.
Which path will be used to transmit the data packet between PC1 and PC2?
the packet will travel via R2-R1
the packet will travel via R2-R3
the packet will be load -balanced between two paths  - via R2-R1 and via R2-R3
the packet will travel via R2-R3 , and the other path via R2-R1 will be retained as the backup path.

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